February 23rd marks the Feast Day of Saint Polycarp, the Bishop of Smyrna, an ancient city in modern-day Turkey. Martyred in 156 A.D., Polycarp refused to burn incense to Caesar, a gesture that would have acknowledged Caesar as a divine being. He steadfastly refused to acknowledge or worship any false deity.
The Roman Empire, during which the early Church flourished, was characterized by pagan religious pluralism. The Romans worshipped numerous gods, and nearly every city had its own local deity. Religious minority groups within the Roman religious landscape worshipped their own gods, and it was not perceived as a betrayal of the polytheistic system because they also acknowledged the gods of others. Sounds similar to our modern attempt at pluralism, where we say, “You do you.”
In such a supposedly pluralistic atmosphere, why were the Romans so intolerant of Christians? Why did they feed them to lions or burn them at the stake? Christians, both then and now, recognize only one God and no others. There is only one God, and he has no rivals. The Romans demanded that Christians participate in the prevailing civic religion, paying homage to the city’s god and Caesar. While Christians were free to worship Jesus as a god if they chose, they were also required to acknowledge the gods of Rome.
Jews were exempt from this requirement. As a conquered and ancient ethnic group, their monotheistic beliefs were tolerated by Rome. However, Christianity was viewed as a novel religion, not rooted in ethnicity. Worshipping God in exclusion of others was seen as an implicit attempt to undermine familiar societal structures and the very foundations and security of the empire. The rapid spread of Christianity further heightened this sense of threat.
Christians were expected to adhere to societal norms, just like everyone else. For the Romans, the well-being of the empire hinged on maintaining the gods’ favor, as this was the key to sustaining strength. By keeping the gods pleased, one could ensure the prosperity of the nation. Given their religiously exclusive claims, Christians were perceived as “atheists” and, consequently, traitors who could potentially undermine the well-being of society.
Polycarp, a disciple of the Apostle John, played a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting apostolic teachings. As one of the Apostolic Fathers, his influence significantly shaped the early Church, particularly in addressing heresies such as Gnosticism.
His martyrdom, documented in The Martyrdom of Polycarp, stands as one of the earliest and most comprehensive accounts of Christian martyrdom. Arrested and brought before Roman authorities, he faced pressure to renounce Christ but steadfastly refused. In a famous declaration, he proclaimed, “Eighty-six years I have served Him, and He has done me no wrong. How can I blaspheme my King who saved me?” Subsequently, he was subjected to burning at the stake, though tradition holds that the flames did not consume him, leading to his subsequent stabbing death.
What we believe matters. Our confession has both temporal and eternal consequences. Polycarp serves as an exemplar of faithfulness in the face of opposition and persecution. May we be found faithful in our time.